A Guide to Interpreting Soil Ingestion Studies. 1. Development of a Model to Estimate the Soil Ingestion Detection Level of Soil Ingestion Studies

Biasing Factors for Simple Soil Ingestion Estimates in Mass Balance Studies of Soil Ingestion

Daily estimates of soil ingestion in children.

Soil ingestion estimates play an important role in risk assessment of contaminated sites, and estimates of soil ingestion in children are of special interest. Current estimates of soil ingestion are trace-element specific and vary widely among elements. Although expressed as daily estimates, the actual estimates have been constructed by averaging soil ingestion over a study period of several da...

Resolving intertracer inconsistencies in soil ingestion estimation.

In this article we explore sources and magnitude of positive and negative error in soil ingestion estimates for children on a subject-week and trace element basis. Errors varied among trace elements. Yttrium and zirconium displayed predominantly negative error; titanium and vanadium usually displayed positive error. These factors lead to underestimation of soil ingestion estimates by yttrium an...

Estimates of Soil Ingestion in a Population of Chinese Children

BACKGROUND China's soil pollution poses serious health risks. However, data regarding the soil ingestion rate (SIR) of the Chinese population, which is critical to assessing associated health risks, are lacking. OBJECTIVES We estimated soil ingestion of 177 Chinese children from Guangdong, Hubei, and Gansu Provinces. METHODS We conducted this investigation by employing a tracer mass-balance...

Preliminary adult soil ingestion estimates: results of a pilot study.

Six adults were evaluated for the extent to which they ingest soil. This study was originally part of a large childhood soil ingestion study and was used to validate part of the analytical methodology used in that larger study. The adult study followed the soil tracer methodology of the children's study. The principal findings of the adult study revealed that the four most reliable tracer eleme...